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class="editer prodetail cf"> <h1 class="title">反滲透加藥工作原理</h1> <div id="75pjrv5" class="desc-tool tright"> <time>2022-11-01</time> </div> <div id="t5lvnzz" class="nrbox cf"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span><span style="font-size:18px;">各種原水中均含有一定濃度的懸浮物和溶解性物質(zhì)。懸浮物主要是無(wú)機鹽、膠體和微生物、藻類(lèi)等生物性顆粒。溶解性物質(zhì)主要是易溶鹽（如氯化物）和難溶鹽（如碳酸鹽、硫酸鹽和硅酸鹽）金屬氧化物，酸堿等。在反滲透過(guò)程中，進(jìn)水的體積在減少，懸浮顆粒和溶解性物質(zhì)的濃度在增加。懸浮顆粒會(huì )沉積在膜上，堵塞進(jìn)水流道、增加摩擦阻力（壓力降）。難溶鹽在超過(guò)其飽和極限時(shí)，會(huì )從濃水中沉淀出來(lái)，在膜面上形成結垢，降低RO膜的通量，增加運行壓力和壓力降，并導致產(chǎn)品水質(zhì)下降。這種在膜面上形成沉積層的現象叫做膜污染，膜污染的結果是系統性能的劣化。需要在原水進(jìn)入反滲透膜系統之前進(jìn)行預處理，去除可能對反滲透膜造成污染的懸浮物、溶解性有機物和過(guò)量難溶鹽組分，降低膜污染傾向。對進(jìn)水進(jìn)行預處理的目的是改善進(jìn)水水質(zhì)，使RO膜獲得可靠的運行保證</span><span style="font-size:18px;"></span><br /> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span><br /> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:18px;"> 對原水進(jìn)行預處理的效果反映為</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">T</span>SS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">TOC</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">COD</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">BOD</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">及鐵、錳、鋁、硅、鋇、鍶等污染物水質(zhì)指標的絕對值降低，在上一章中有對于這些污染物水質(zhì)指標的詳細描述。表征膜污染傾向的另外一個(gè)重要的水質(zhì)指標是</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SDI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。通過(guò)預處理，除了要將上述指標降到反滲透膜系統進(jìn)水要求的范圍內，還有重要的一點(diǎn)是盡量降低</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SDI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">，理想的</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SDI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">15</span><span style="font-size:16px;">分鐘）值應小于</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;">一、化學(xué)預處理</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;">為了改善反滲透系統的操作性能，在進(jìn)水中可以加入添加下列一些藥劑：酸、堿、殺菌劑、阻垢劑和分散劑。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">1 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">加酸－防止結垢</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 在進(jìn)水中可以加入鹽酸（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">HCl</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）、硫酸（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">H2SO4</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）來(lái)降低</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。硫酸價(jià)格便宜、不會(huì )發(fā)煙腐蝕周?chē)慕饘僭骷?，而且膜對硫酸根離子的脫除率較氯離子高，所以硫酸比鹽酸更為常用。沒(méi)有其他添加劑的工業(yè)級硫酸即適宜于反滲透使用，商品硫酸有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">20</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％和</span><span style="font-size:16px;">93</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％兩種濃度規格。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">93</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％的硫酸也稱(chēng)為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">66</span><span style="font-size:16px;">波美度硫酸。在稀釋</span><span style="font-size:16px;">93</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％硫酸時(shí)一定要小心，在稀釋到</span><span style="font-size:16px;">66</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％時(shí)發(fā)熱可將溶液的溫度提升到</span><span style="font-size:16px;">138</span><span style="font-size:16px;">℃。一定要在攪拌下緩慢地將酸加入水中，以免水溶液局部發(fā)熱沸騰。鹽酸主要在可能產(chǎn)生硫酸鈣或硫酸鍶結垢時(shí)使用。使用硫酸會(huì )增加反滲透進(jìn)水中的硫酸根離子濃度，直接導致硫酸鈣結垢傾向增加。工業(yè)級的鹽酸（無(wú)添加劑）購買(mǎi)非常方便，商品鹽酸一般含量為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">30</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">37</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％。降低</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的首要目的是降低</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">濃水中碳酸鈣結垢的傾向，即降低朗格里爾指數（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">是低鹽度苦咸水中碳酸鈣的飽和度，表示碳酸鈣結垢或腐蝕的可能性。在反滲透水化學(xué)中，</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">是確定是否會(huì )發(fā)生碳酸鈣結垢的是個(gè)重要指標。當</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">為負值時(shí)，水會(huì )腐蝕金屬管道，但不會(huì )形成碳酸鈣結垢。如果</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">為正值，水沒(méi)有腐蝕性，卻會(huì )發(fā)生碳酸鈣結垢。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">由碳酸鈣飽和的</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">減去水的實(shí)際</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。碳酸鈣的溶解度隨溫度的上升而減?。ㄋ畨刂械乃妇褪沁@樣形成的），隨</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、鈣離子的濃度即堿度的增加而減小。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">值可以通過(guò)向反滲透進(jìn)水中注入酸液（一般是硫酸或鹽酸）即降低</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的方法來(lái)調低。推薦的反滲透濃水的</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">值為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（表示濃度低于碳酸鈣飽和濃度</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">個(gè)</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">單位）。還可以使用聚合物阻垢劑來(lái)防止碳酸鈣沉淀，一些阻垢劑供應商聲稱(chēng)其產(chǎn)品可以使反滲透濃水的</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">高達</span><span style="font-size:16px;">+2.5</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（比較保守的設計是</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">為＋</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.8</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">2 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">加堿－提高脫除率</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 在一級反滲透中加堿使用較少。在反滲透進(jìn)水中注入堿液用來(lái)提高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。一般使用的堿劑只有氫氧化鈉（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NaOH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">），購買(mǎi)方便，而且易溶于水。一般不含其他添加劑的工業(yè)級氫氧化鈉便可滿(mǎn)足需要。商品氫氧化鈉有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">100</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％的片堿，也有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">20</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％和</span><span style="font-size:16px;">50</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％的液堿。在加堿調高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">時(shí)一定要注意，</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">升高會(huì )增加</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">、降低碳酸鈣及鐵和錳的溶解度。最常見(jiàn)的加堿應用是二級</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">系統。在二級反滲透系統中，一級</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">產(chǎn)水供給二級</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">作為原水。二級反滲透對一級反滲透產(chǎn)水進(jìn)行“拋光”處理，二級</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">產(chǎn)水的水質(zhì)可達到</span><span style="font-size:16px;">4</span><span style="font-size:16px;">兆歐。在二級</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">進(jìn)水中加堿有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">4</span><span style="font-size:16px;">個(gè)原因：</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">a</span><span style="font-size:16px;">．在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH8.2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">以上，二氧化碳全部轉化為碳酸根離子，碳酸根離子可以被反滲透脫除。而二氧化碳本身是一種氣體，會(huì )隨透過(guò)液自由進(jìn)入</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">產(chǎn)水，對于下游的離子交換床拋光處理造成不當的負荷。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">b</span><span style="font-size:16px;">．某些</span><span style="font-size:16px;">TOC</span><span style="font-size:16px;">成分在高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">下更容易脫除。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">c</span><span style="font-size:16px;">．二氧化硅的溶解度和脫除率在高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">下更高（特別是高于</span><span style="font-size:16px;">9</span><span style="font-size:16px;">時(shí)）。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">d</span><span style="font-size:16px;">．硼的脫除率在高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">下也較高（特別是高于</span><span style="font-size:16px;">9</span><span style="font-size:16px;">時(shí)）。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 加堿應用有一個(gè)特例，通常被叫做</span><span style="font-size:16px;">HERO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（高效反滲透系統）過(guò)程，將進(jìn)水</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">調到</span><span style="font-size:16px;">9</span><span style="font-size:16px;">或</span><span style="font-size:16px;">10</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。一級反滲透用來(lái)處理苦咸水，苦咸水在高</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">下會(huì )有污染問(wèn)題（比如硬度、堿度、鐵、錳等）。預處理通常采用弱酸性陽(yáng)離子樹(shù)脂系統和脫氣裝置來(lái)除去這些污染物。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">脫氯藥劑－消除余氯</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">及</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NF</span><span style="font-size:16px;">進(jìn)水中的游離氯要降到</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.05ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">以下，才能達到聚酰胺復合膜的要求。除氯的預處理方法有兩種，粒狀活性炭吸附和使用還原性藥劑如亞硫酸鈉。在小系統（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">50</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">100gpm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）中一般采用活性碳過(guò)濾器，投資成本比較合理。推薦使用酸洗處理過(guò)的優(yōu)質(zhì)活性炭，去除硬度、金屬離子，細粉含量要非常低，否則會(huì )造成對膜的污染。新安裝的碳濾料一定要充分淋洗，直到碳粉被完全除去為止，一般要幾個(gè)小時(shí)甚至幾天。我們不能依靠</span><span style="font-size:16px;">5</span><span style="font-size:16px;">μ</span><span style="font-size:16px;">m</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的保安過(guò)濾器來(lái)保護反滲透膜不受碳粉的污染。碳過(guò)濾器的好處是可以除去會(huì )造成膜污染的有機物，對于所有進(jìn)水的處理比添加藥劑更為可靠。但其缺點(diǎn)是碳會(huì )成為微生物的飼料，在碳過(guò)濾器中孳生細菌，其結果是造成反滲透膜的生物污染。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 亞硫酸氫鈉（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）是較大型</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">裝置選用的典型還原劑。將固體偏亞硫酸氫鈉溶解在水中配制成溶液，商品偏亞硫酸氫鈉的純度為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">97.5</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">99</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％，干燥儲存期</span><span style="font-size:16px;">6</span><span style="font-size:16px;">個(gè)月。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">溶液在空氣中不穩定，會(huì )與氧氣發(fā)生反應，所以推薦</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％的溶液的使用期為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">7</span><span style="font-size:16px;">天， </span><span style="font-size:16px;">10</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％以下的溶液使用期為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">7</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">14</span><span style="font-size:16px;">天。從理論上講，</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.47ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（或</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.70ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">偏亞硫酸氫鈉）能夠還原</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.0ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的氯。設計時(shí)考慮到工業(yè)苦咸水系統的安全系數，設定</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的添加量為每</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.0ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">氯</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.8</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.0ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的注入口要在膜元件的上游，設置距離要保證在進(jìn)入膜元件有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">29</span><span style="font-size:16px;">秒的反應時(shí)間。推薦使用適當的在線(xiàn)攪拌裝置（靜態(tài)攪拌器）。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">脫氯反應：</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">?</span><span style="font-size:16px;">Na2S2O5 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">（偏亞硫酸鈉）</span><span style="font-size:16px;">+ H2O </span><span style="font-size:16px;">＝</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2 NaHSO3 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">（亞硫酸氫鈉）</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">?</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NaHSO3 + HOCl </span><span style="font-size:16px;">＝</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NaHSO4 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">（硫酸氫鈉） </span><span style="font-size:16px;">+ HCl </span><span style="font-size:16px;">（鹽酸）</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">?</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NaHSO3 + Cl2 + H2O </span><span style="font-size:16px;">＝</span><span style="font-size:16px;">NaHSO4 + 2 HCl</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 采用</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">脫氯的好處是在大系統中比碳過(guò)濾器的投資較少，反應副產(chǎn)物及殘余</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">易于被</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">脫除。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;">SBS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">脫氯的缺點(diǎn)是需要人工混合小體積的藥劑，在脫氯系統沒(méi)有設計足夠的監測控制儀器時(shí)增加了氯對膜的威脅，而且在少數情況下進(jìn)水中存在硫還原菌（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBR</span><span style="font-size:16px;">），亞硫酸會(huì )成為細菌營(yíng)養幫助細菌的繁殖。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBR</span><span style="font-size:16px;">通常在淺層井水厭氧環(huán)境下有發(fā)現，硫化氫（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">H2S</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）作為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SBR</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的代謝產(chǎn)物會(huì )同時(shí)存在。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 脫氯過(guò)程的監測可采用游離氯監測儀，用以監測殘余亞硫酸根的濃度，還可以采用</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ORP</span><span style="font-size:16px;">監測儀。推薦的方法是監測殘余亞硫酸根的濃度，以保證有足夠的亞硫酸根來(lái)還原氯。大多數商業(yè)化氯監測儀的撿出濃度為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.1ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">，這個(gè)值是</span><span style="font-size:16px;">CPA</span><span style="font-size:16px;">膜的余氯上限。直接利用</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ORP</span><span style="font-size:16px;">監測儀監控亞硫酸根濃度的方法不夠可靠，這種測定水中氧化還原電位的儀器的基線(xiàn)變化難以預測。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">CPA</span><span style="font-size:16px;">膜的耐氯能力大概在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1000</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2000ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">小時(shí)（透鹽率增加一倍），</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1000ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">小時(shí)等于在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">0.038ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">余氯下運行</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">年。需要注意的是，在一些情況下發(fā)現耐氯能力會(huì )因溫度升高（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">90</span><span style="font-size:16px;">華氏度以上）、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">7</span><span style="font-size:16px;">以上）升高和過(guò)渡金屬存在（比如鐵、錳、鋅、銅、鋁等）而大大下降。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">CPA</span><span style="font-size:16px;">膜的耐氯胺能力約為</span><span style="font-size:16px;">50,000</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">200,000ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">小時(shí)（發(fā)生透鹽率明顯增加），這個(gè)值相當于在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">進(jìn)水中含有</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.9</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">7.6ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的氯胺，膜可以運行</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">年。同樣，在溫度升高、</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pH</span><span style="font-size:16px;">降低和過(guò)渡金屬存在時(shí)，膜的耐氯胺能力會(huì )變化。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 在加州的一個(gè)三級廢水處理裝置上發(fā)現，在氯胺濃度</span><span style="font-size:16px;">6</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">8ppm</span><span style="font-size:16px;">進(jìn)水條件下，膜的脫鹽率在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">年內從</span><span style="font-size:16px;">98</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％降到了</span><span style="font-size:16px;">96</span><span style="font-size:16px;">％。設計者要注意在氯胺化之后進(jìn)行脫氯還是必要的。氯胺是混合氯和氨的產(chǎn)物，游離氯對膜的降解作用要比氯胺強得多，如果氨量欠缺時(shí)會(huì )有游離氯存在。因此，使用過(guò)量的氨是非常關(guān)鍵的，系統監測要確保這一點(diǎn)。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span> </span><span style="font-size:16px;">4 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">阻垢劑和分散劑</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 許多阻垢劑生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)商可提供各種用于反滲透和納濾系統性能改善的阻垢劑和分散劑。阻垢劑是一系列用于阻止結晶礦物鹽的沉淀和結垢形成的化學(xué)藥劑。大多數阻垢劑是一些專(zhuān)用有機合成聚合物（比如聚丙烯酸、羧酸、聚馬來(lái)酸、有機金屬磷酸鹽、聚膦酸鹽、膦酸鹽、陰離子聚合物等），這些聚合物的分子量在</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2000</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">10000</span><span style="font-size:16px;">道爾頓不等。反滲透系統阻垢劑技術(shù)由冷卻循環(huán)水和鍋爐用水化學(xué)演變而來(lái)。對為數眾多各式各樣的阻垢劑，在不同的應用場(chǎng)合和所采用的有機化合物所取得的效果和效率差別很大。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;">采用聚丙烯酸類(lèi)阻垢劑時(shí)要特別小心，在鐵含量較高時(shí)可能會(huì )引起膜污染，這種污染會(huì )增加膜的操作壓力，有效清除這類(lèi)污染要進(jìn)行酸洗。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;">如果在預處理中使用了陽(yáng)離子混凝劑或助濾劑，在使用陰離子性阻垢劑時(shí)要特別注意。會(huì )產(chǎn)生一種粘稠的粘性污染物，污染會(huì )造成操作壓力增加，而且這種污染物清洗非常困難。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 六偏磷酸鈉（</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SHMP</span><span style="font-size:16px;">）是早期在反滲透中使用的一種普通阻垢劑，但隨著(zhù)專(zhuān)用阻垢劑的出現，用量已經(jīng)大大減少了。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SHMP</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的使用有一些限制。每</span><span style="font-size:16px;">2</span><span style="font-size:16px;">－</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3</span><span style="font-size:16px;">天要配制一次溶液，因為暴露在空氣中會(huì )水解，發(fā)生水解后不僅會(huì )降低阻垢效果，而且還會(huì )造成磷酸鈣結垢的可能性。使用</span><span style="font-size:16px;">SHMP</span><span style="font-size:16px;">可減少碳酸鈣結垢，</span><span style="font-size:16px;">LSI</span><span style="font-size:16px;">可達到＋</span><span style="font-size:16px;">1.0</span><span style="font-size:16px;">。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"> 阻垢劑阻礙了</span><span style="font-size:16px;">RO</span><span style="font-size:16px;">進(jìn)水和濃水中鹽結晶的生長(cháng)，因而可以容許難溶鹽在濃水中超過(guò)飽和溶解度。阻垢劑的使用可代替加酸，也可以配合加酸使用。有許多因素會(huì )影響礦物質(zhì)結垢的形成。溫度降低會(huì )減小結垢礦物質(zhì)的溶解度（碳酸鈣除外，與大多數物質(zhì)相反，它的溶解度隨溫度升高而降低），</span><span style="font-size:16px;">TDS</span><span style="font-size:16px;">的升高會(huì )增加難溶鹽的溶解度（這是因為高離子強度干擾了晶種的形成）。</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"><br /> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <br /> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size:16px;"><br /> </span> </p> </div> <div id="j5xtb7f" class="sxp"> <div><a href="/article/detail/id/167.html" class="tof" title="上一篇：鍋爐軟化水設備中的補給正確步驟有哪些？"> 上一篇：鍋爐軟化水設備中的補給正確步驟有哪些？</a></div> <div><a href="/article/detail/id/183.html" class="tof" title="下一篇：反滲透阻垢劑加藥操作方法"> 下一篇：反滲透阻垢劑加藥操作方法</a></div> </div> <div id="ppjdxnn" class="tright"> <a class="abtn-fh" style="padding:8px 15px; background:#E78304;color:#fff;" href="javascript:history.go(-1);">返回列表</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="xv55ntj" 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